Bones of the skull:

The specific bones that constitute the skull will not be discussed individually in lecture, but you are responsible for them. To aid your study it is best to make a list of all the bones that make up the facial portion of the skull and those of the cranium. The facial bones articulate around the nasal cavity while the bones of the cranium form the protective covering around the brain and the meninges. It will be to your benefit to know which bones are singular and which ones are paired and any major foramina associated with individual bones.

Even though the head and skull of our domestic animals varies considerably in size and shape, the bones that makeup the skull are conserved across species. As you look at the series of pictures note that the names of the bones remain unchanged but their size and to a lesser degree their orientation does change across species. The frontal bone of the ox is a good example of what I would call orientation change, it covers the entire dorsum of the cranium and the parietal bones have been pushed ventrally and contribute only to its lateral boundary.

The shape of the skull also changes considerably in the transition from newborn to adult. This is accomplished by differential growth of the bones (ie some grow more than others). As many of these bones increase in size they are also pneumatized. This allows the bones of the skull to greatly increase in size to accommodate teeth and additional surface area for muscular attachment, while at the same time helping minimize the overall weight of the skull. This pneumatisation results from the development of paranasal sinuses. Paranasal sinuses are present at birth as diverticula of the nasal cavity. As the animal grows, the paranasal sinuses complete their development and in some species they are very expansive and complex.